There's no doubt, higher education students are under more pressure than ever. Mental health disorders are a growing problem among this group - now more than ever with the myriad of stressors related to the global pandemic.
York University Faculty of Health Professors Christo El Morr (nominated principal investigator or NPI), Farah Ahmad (PI) and Paul Ritvo (PI) designed and conducted a study that looked at interventions - specifically, mindfulness virtual community interventions - to help with students' mental health. Their first-of-its-kind, eight-week research study showed great promise as it concluded that these interventions could lead to significant reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in a student population.
"Interventions like the one we used in our study offer a good opportunity to successfully address mental health conditions in a post-secondary population while also reducing the burden on traditional counseling and services," El Morr emphasizes.
From left: Christo El Morr, Farah Ahmad and Paul Ritvo
The study, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, included IT partner ForaHealthyme.com and collaborators from the Center for Addiction and Mental Health, North York General Hospital and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health (University of Toronto). The results of the study were published in JMIR Mental Health (2020).
Mental health assistance for students limited by access, stigma and cost
Existing research on the mental health status of university and college students in Canada and the United States tells us that disorders involving depression, anxiety and stress are on the rise. El Morr cites a large 2013 study of nursing students in Canada that indicated the prevalence of mild-to-severe depression, anxiety and stress at 33 per cent, 39 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively.
COVID-19 exacerbated the issue as did the roadblocks that students face while trying to connect with resources. There are systems and programs in place to help these young adults, but access, cost and stigma are barriers. Additionally, counseling centers are very often overwhelmed with clients, and operating well beyond capacity.
El Morr, Ahmad and Ritvo realized that new and easily accessible strategies were needed to address this issue. One such approach, which they considered, was mindfulness-based techniques. Derived from Buddhism, mindfulness is a kind of meditation where the participant focuses on judgement-free living in the moment. It has been successfully used in therapy, where it dovetails with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy where the client modifies thought patterns to change moods and behaviors.
El Morr, Ahmad and Ritvo also realized that making this service available to students online would lighten the workload of overburdened counsellors and therapists at universities and other community-based facilities.
119 students recruited in first-time study
The researchers opted to do a randomized control study, which is considered the gold standard' for generating reliable evidence due to its potential to limit bias. Their goal was to examine the usefulness of a Mindfulness Virtual Community (MVC) web-based program for mental health among undergrad students in a Canadian university.
The team recruited 119 students (25 per cent males; 75 per cent females) from a single institution between December 2016 and January 2017. The participants were divided into four groups: full MVC (F-MVC), partial MVC (P-MVC), waitlist control (WLC) and group-based face-to-face CBT mindfulness. The eight-week-long interventions ran from January to March, 2017.
Screenshot of the Mindfulness Virtual Community platform
As the figure below illustrates, the three components of the program were:
- Youth-specific mental health education and mindfulness-practice modules, delivered via video to participants;
- Anonymous, peer-to-peer discussion boards pertaining to mental health and mindfulness practice; and
- Anonymous, 20-minute videoconferences (group-based) on module topics, guided by a mental health professional.
Key components of the Mindfulness Virtual Community program
There were 12 modules with eight videos in each, recorded in male and female voices with low volume background music. Each module had educational content. (The topics, which included mindfulness and being a student, are listed in the table below.)
Ahmad explains the thought processes behind the topics and the module scripts: "The topics were informed by our findings from the focus groups with students, while the module scripts and audio recordings were created by one of the investigators, Dr. Ritvo, with extensive clinical experience and drew from combined mindfulness and CBT principles."
This table shows the session topics
Participants were surveyed at various intervals during and after they completed the program, using well-founded surveys including the Patient-Health Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, and Quality of Life Scale.
Key findings: Could reduce symptoms in student population
The intervention was a success; the researchers concluded that these kinds of interventions can result in significant reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in a student population in a cost-effective manner.
Ritvo sums up the benefits and how this study could be applied: "Personal visits to a mental health professional concerns are not the only economic burden on both users and the system; difficulties to access also exist for students because of stigma and the challenges of scheduling visits. Our work informs the designing of appropriate programs accessed by students at their convenience, with some limited moderation by a mental health professional."
To read the article, "An Eight-Week, Web-Based Mindfulness Virtual Community Intervention for Students' Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Trial," visit the JMIR Mental Health (Feb 2020) website. To read a second related article, "Effectiveness of an eight-week web-based mindfulness virtual community intervention for university students on symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial," published in J MIR Mental Health (Jul 2020), visit the website. The focus group study with students "Design of a Mindfulness Virtual Community: A focus-group analysis" published by the Health Informatics Journal (Nov 2019) can be accessed through the website.
To learn more about El Morr, visit his website. For more on Ahmad, see her Faculty profile page. To read more about Ritvo, visit his page.
To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch; watch our new video, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year's successes.
By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca
This story was originally featured in YFile, York University's community newsletter.
